[citation needed], From before recorded Norwegian history the monarch would be installed by acclamation, a ceremony held on the ting where the king swore to uphold the laws of the land and the assembled chieftains swore allegiance to him. In this new union the King was much more a King of Norway than under the previous Danish system. Norway is a constitutional monarchy. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch holds absolute power) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. Norway had been brought along into the new developments of the world[clarification needed] as they arrived in Denmark. There are several other members of the Royal Family, including the king's daughter, grandchildren and sister. Notably, Norway was no longer to be treated as a Swedish conquest but rather as an equal party in a personal union of two independent states. He may issue pardons for prisoners (Article 20) and engage in war (Article 26), although it is unlikely that any of these two prerogatives would be put into use today. King Harald V and Queen Sonja also received the benediction in 1991. The restoration of the Royal Palace in Oslo went far beyond budget because the structural state of the palace was much worse than expected. The king has legal sovereign immunity, though his status as sacred was dissolved on 8 May 2018. History of the Norwegian People, Volumes II. The annual New Year's Eve speech is one occasion when the King traditionally raises negative issues. A constitutional monarchy is the opposite of an absolute monarchy in which the monarch has total power over the government and the people. The Norwegian monarch is the head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The King apportions the business among the Members of the Council of State, as he deems appropriate. Prince Carl was invited to become king of Norway. The king was unable to form any other government that had the support of parliament, and so it was deemed on 7 June that he had failed to function as King of Norway. Some historians emphasise the actual monarchial control over the country and assert that Olaf II, alias Saint Olaf, who reigned from 1015 to 1028, was the first king to control the entire country. This gave the king the upper hand in the negotiations for the håndfesting. Harald Greycloak also r… For centuries Norway had been part of the Danish realm until Denmark had to cede - without Iceland or Greenland - it to Sweden in the Peace of Kiel. The Royal House of Bernadotte tried hard to be a Norwegian royal house as well as a Swedish one. However, the large expense was criticised in the media. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Norwegian kingdom was at its geographical and cultural peak. Built in the first half of the 19th century as the Norwegian residence of Norwegian and Swedish king Charles III (Carl Johan, Charles XIV of Sweden, reigned 1818-1844), it serves as the official residence of the present Norwegian Monarch.[26]. The Norwegian Catholic bishops were replaced with Danes and the Norwegian church was subdued and made wholly Danish. Formally the King appoints the government according to his own judgment, but parliamentary practice has been in place since 1884. The King is also Supreme Commander of the Norwegian Armed Forces and Grand Master of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. Despite royal objections, this was removed from the Norwegian flag in 1898. The crown prince undertakes various public ceremonial functions, as does the king's wife, Queen Sonja. In this case the previous conservative Prime Minister was opposed to giving power to the radicals and advised the appointment of someone else. Royal patronage serves to raise public awareness of an organisation or a specific event that supports a worthy cause. When the Constitution states that: “the executive power is vested in the King”, this now means that it is vested in the Government. In Denmark the year 1901 is usually given, but the years 1905 and 1920 are also important in this respect. Its form of government is a limited and hereditary monarchy. The King himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to vote. [18], Article 37 states: The Royal Princes and Princesses shall not personally be answerable to anyone other than the King, or whomever he decrees to sit in judgment on them.[17]. This weakened the monarchical governing structures of Norway: the Riksråd, for example, was gradually undermined as the Norwegian nobles did not have the King's confidence to the same extent as their Danish counterparts. This prompted a set of events in which the struggle against Danish dominance in Norway was coupled with the struggle against the Reformation. Although businessmen needed assistance abroad, the Swedes had little insight into Norwegian shipping, and consulates were not even established in several important shipping cities. That same year, the Norwegian people voted overwhelmingly for a constitutional monarchy rather than a republic. The Norwegian parliament had considered other candidates but ultimately chose Prince Carl, partly because he already had a son to continue the line of succession, but more significantly because Carl was married to Maud of Wales, the daughter of King Edward VII. This means that the King is formally the head of state but that his duties are mainly representative and ceremonial. [...][17]. The Royal House is a branch of the princely family of Glücksburg, originally from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. In Sweden a parliamentary system was reintroduced in 1917. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, forests, seafood, fresh water, and hydropower. Key areas are contained by the Government such as the petrol sector. Crown Prince Haakon is heir to the throne, followed by Princess Ingrid Alexandra. Over the centuries kings consolidated their power, and eventually a strict succession law made Norway a principally hereditary kingdom. History. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . Originally the home of Prime Minister Christian Michelsen, the estate became the royal family's residence in 1927. Norway's Coat of Arms. [4], The Black Death of 1349–51 contributed to the decline of the Norwegian monarchy, as the noble families and the population in general were gravely affected. Membership of International organizations, dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne, House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Royal House web site on the orders and medals, Socialist Left web page on proposed republic (Norwegian), History of Norway from the Norwegian government web site, The history of power during the Danish era (Norwegian), "1870–1914: industrialisering og demokrati - Norgeshistorie", Royal House web page on the dissolution of the union, RNoN web page on the HNoMY Norge (Norwegian), VG article on Socialist Left party leader's critique of the palace refurbishment where the republican admits to revering King Olav (Norwegian), Aftenposten article on the Popularity of the Monarchy, https://www.nrk.no/norge/fra-tirsdag-er-ikke-kongen-lenger-hellig-1.14039929, Government web page on the procedure for pardoning criminals (Norwegian), Private web page on criminal care in Norway (Norwegian), Royal House web page on the official residences, Royal House web site with information on the history and architecture of the Royal Palace, Aftenposten article on the restoration of Bygdøy (Norwegian), Royal House web page on Skaugum receiving an award for good farming, Dagbladet article on the new Royal Train (Norwegian), A web page featuring the history of the coat of arms of Norway, An article from the Norwegian National Archives depicting the seal of Duchess Ingebjørg, Web page on rules for the use of the coat of arms (Norwegian), "8 av 10 vil beholde kongehuset: Størst oppslutning blant de unge", Video from NRK of the history of the present monarchy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Norway&oldid=1018532666, Articles with Norwegian-language sources (no), CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb), Articles containing Norwegian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Formally dissolves and installs governments, Presides over meetings in the Council of State (i.e. [30] The Norwegian State Railways maintains a set of royal train carriages. The oath is as follows: "I promise and swear that I will govern the Kingdom of Norway in accordance with its Constitution and Laws; so help me God, the Almighty and Omniscient.". [17], The King is treated by the armed forces as their highest commander, but there is, beyond legal fiction, no doubt that the complete control of the armed forces is actually held by the elected government of the day. The demand for separate Norwegian consuls was seen as very important by the Norwegian parliament and society. [17] Oscarshall palace, a maison de plaisance, also situated in Oslo, but seldom used. He has a more tangible influence as the symbol of national unity. Karl Johan Street and the Royal Palace on Contitution Day. The Kingdom of Norway is a free, independent, indivisible and inalienable Realm. In that case the Bill must not again be submitted to the King by the Storting then assembled. Norway is a Kingdom. [31], The royal family also possess several other holiday homes of a private nature. 1661 also marks the point when the last remnants of representational local government were removed and had to be rebuilt. Parliamentarism has been in place since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must not have the parliament against it, and that the appointment by the King is a formality. It was the custom for the King to rely on the advice of the previous Prime Minister in deciding whom to give the assignment as new Prime Minister. (above center) In a Constitutional Monarchy, the power lies in the Parliament. [14], In later years the marriages of the then Crown Prince Harald in 1968 and of Crown Prince Haakon in 2001 sparked considerable controversy, but the lasting effect on the popularity of the monarchy has been minimal. The introduction of parliamentarism is not as clear cut in Denmark and Sweden as in Norway. That way the king was invested with powers both from the noblemen and from the church. [25], The Royal Palace in Oslo functions as the main official residence of the monarch. Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe.It is bordered by Sweden to the east, along with the Russian Republic and Finland in the northernmost part of the country. In 1905 a series of disputes between parliament and the King culminated with the matter of separate Norwegian consuls to foreign countries. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition. A state visit is an official visit by one head of state to another. On 10 April, a national assembly met at Eidsvoll to decide on a constitution. In the tradition of Germanic monarchy the king had to be elected by a representative assembly of noblemen. Norway declared independence on 17 May 1814, electing Christian Frederick as King. Security forces reported to civilian A plebiscite was held after Prince Carl insisted the matter whether Norway should remain a monarchy or become a republic, to be resolved by the people. The regalia is currently located in the old Archbishop's Palace in Trondheim. The union was nevertheless marked by the Norwegians' constant and growing discontent with being in a union of any kind. The end result was that the Norwegian monarchy became a constitutional monarchy. The King would occasionally enact laws unfavourable to Sweden. Stiftsgården in Trondheim is a large wooden townhouse which has been used by the royal family since the early 1800s. [...][17]. In impeachment proceedings, the King cannot pardon a defendant without the consent of the Storting. Modern constitutional monarchies in western Europe include the United Kingdom, Denmark, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands, Monaco, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Sweden. [28] In 2004 the King transferred management of the farming activities on Bygdøy to the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. The powers vested in the monarch are significant but are treated only as reserve powers and as an important security part of the role of the monarchy. Article 5 stated: The King's person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. Other members of the royal family have lost that privilege upon marriage. When both failed the effects were harsh. The specific rendering of the Norwegian arms has changed through the years, following changing heraldic fashions. The King and Queen and the Crown Prince and Crown Princess try to visit as many places as possible in Norway. Article 6 of the Norwegian Constitution states: The order of succession is lineal, so that only a child born in lawful wedlock of the Queen or King, or of one who is herself or himself entitled to the succession may succeed, and so that the nearest line shall take precedence over the more remote and the elder in the line over the younger. When king Olav V ascended the throne in 1957 he still wanted to receive the blessing of the church for his reign and the Benediction of the king was introduced. Norway had grown into one of the world's leading shipping nations, but Sweden retained control of both the diplomatic and consulate corps. In the following centuries the Norwegian monarchs mostly resided abroad. In 1280 King Eirik Magnusson added the crown and silver axe to the lion. The practical execution of this right has been delegated to the Ministry of Justice which may dismiss an application for a pardon. Consecration of the King is a thousand-year-old tradition in Norway. … The Royal Family of Norway is a branch of the princely family of House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, originally from Schleswig-Holstein in Germany. The constitutional powers granted to the King in the Norwegian monarchial system made his position very important and enabled the government in exile to continue its work with the utmost legitimacy. • The legislative and executive powers live with the country’s elected bodies. This has never been tested in practice. The present monarch is King Harald V, who has reigned since 17 January 1991, succeeding his father, Olav V. The heir apparent is his only son, Crown Prince Haakon. The Council of State consists of the King, Prime Minister and other members, all of whom are appointed by the King on the advice of Prime Minister. The kingdom included Norway (including the now Swedish provinces of Jemtland, Herjedalen, Særna, Idre and Båhuslen), Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Shetland, Orkney and other smaller areas in the British Isles. For the kingdom of Norway itself, see. [citation needed]. The Evangelical - Lutheran religion shall remain the official religion of the State. The position of King of Norway has been in continuous existence since the unification of Norway in 872. His steadfast opposition to the German demands of surrender was important for the fighting spirit of the Norwegian population. [23] 20.9 million was in addition allocated to rehabilitation of royal property. The Kingdom of Norway is a free, independent, indivisible and inalienable Realm. Although the constitution of 1814 grants important executive powers to the King, these are always exercised by the Council of Statein the name of the King (King's Council, or cabinet). Constitutional Monarchy: There is a Royal Family, but what they can do is restricted by the Constitution. It is the world’s largest producer of oil and natural gas per capita outside of the Middle East, and the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the gross domestic product. When Napoleon lost the war, the king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. One example of the negative financial situation is that Prince Carl had been promised a Royal Yacht when he accepted the throne, but this was not fulfilled until 1947.[13]. In 1944 Crown Prince Olav was appointed Chief of Defence based on his military leadership abilities. The restoration was finalized in 2007 and has been frequently used by the royal family ever since. The King, Queen, Crown Prince and Crown Princess are exempt from paying any taxes and their personal finances are not revealed to the public. [7] The union with Denmark also had its adverse effects on the monarchy: among other things it resulted in the Crown of Norway losing territory which today amounts to 2 322 755 km2 (although most of this was uninhabited areas of Greenland). The last king with that name had been Haakon VI, who died in the year 1380. Prince Carl impressed the delegation in many ways, not least because of his sensitivity to the liberal and democratic movements that had led to Norway's independence. A pardon may entail a complete or partial withdrawal of punishment. In 1661 Frederick III introduced absolute monarchy in Denmark and Norway and introduced new laws in both countries to that effect. Norway is a constitutional monarchy that divides responsibility between the parliament (Storting) and the King's Council of State, which consists of a prime minister and other ministers of state. The crown princely couple resides at Skaugum Manor in Asker municipality outside of Oslo, while the three princesses of Norway live on estates in Oslo, Fredrikstad and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. If the Danish nobles were to elect as king someone other than the next in line to the throne the Union would be dissolved. The Norwegian Labour Party was at that time quite radical and even had the abolition of monarchy as part of their programme. Bygdøy has been under extensive restoration and has therefore not been used regularly since the accession of King Harald V in 1991. Until a constitutional amendment in 2012, functioned as the formal head or High Protector of the Church of Norway. However, the royal travels and the upkeep of the royal residences, after the initial refurbishment in 1905, were to some extent neglected. Article 78 states: If the King assents to the Bill, he appends his signature, whereby it becomes law. Is Head of State 2. [17], Article 23 states: The King may bestow orders upon whomever he pleases, as a reward for distinguished services[...][17], Norway has two chivalric orders: the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. The Treaty of Kiel stipulated that Norway was to be ceded by the king of Denmark–Norway to the king of Sweden. The King has no official role in the Church of Norway, but is required by the Constitution to be a member. [citation needed], In the Norwegian state budget of 2010 the sum of 142.5 million Norwegian kroner was allocated to the Royal Household. The first coronation in Norway and in all Scandinavia took place in Bergen in 1163 or 1164. Article 22 states: The Prime Minister and the other Members of the Council of State, together with the State Secretaries, may be dismissed by the King without any prior court judgment, after he has heard the opinion of the Council of State on the subject. The constitutional article about the coronation was annulled in 1908. On 17 January 2021 Their Majesties King Harald and Queen Sonja had been King and Queen of Norway for 30 years. In practice the king was elected by the Riksråd in a similar way to Denmark. [6] In turn the king recognised the Norwegian constitution, which was only changed to facilitate the union. This information was verified by the prime minister himself. But the most devastating factor for the nobility and the monarchy in Norway was the steep decline in income from their holdings. [citation needed] The Kings of Norway have traditionally received an extensive military training and to some extent pursued a career within the armed forces before acceding to the throne. This is in keeping with its origin as the coat of arms of the kings of Norway during the Middle Ages. The date of the first formation of a unified Norwegian kingdom is set as 872 when he defeated the last petty kings who resisted him at the Battle of Hafrsfjord; however, the consolidation of his power took many years. Norwegian Monarchy: Royalty in Norway . In 1905 the official design for royal and government arms was again changed, this time reverting to the medieval pattern, with a triangular shield and a more upright lion. The country is governed by a prime minister, a cabinet, and a 169-seat parliament (Storting) that is elected every four years and cannot be dissolved. Parliamentarism was introduced in Norway 17 years before Denmark and 33 years before Sweden. Since 1991 the king has been Harald V, the 66th since unification, but the first king in many hundreds of years to actually have been born in Norway. Harald Fairhair was the first king of Norway. King Olav V was deemed the people's king and the spontaneous show of mourning from the population upon his death in 1991 demonstrated the high standing he had among the Norwegian people. [27] The Royal Lodge or Kongsseteren is located in Holmenkollen, and used by the Royal Family as a residence for Christmas and Holmenkollen Ski Festival each year. Article 25 states: The King is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the Realm. Today the king still goes through a ceremony similar to the acclamation when he takes the oath of allegiance to the Constitution in the Storting. The Norwegian Storting would propose Norwegian laws without interference from Sweden, to be approved by the common King in his capacity as King of Norway. During the civil war era the unclear succession laws and the practice of power-sharing between several kings simultaneously gave personal conflicts the potential to become full-blown wars. The King also orders the holding of extraordinary sessions of the council of state in situations that require urgent actions that cannot wait for the next scheduled meeting. Norway is a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The boundaries of Fairhair's kingdom were not identical to those of present-day Norway, and upon his death, the kingship was shared among his sons. However, if two separate Stortings approve the law, it becomes valid even without the King's consent. The ceremony is a solemn, ecclesiastical blessing of the King in the performance of his royal duties. Norway is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. In accordance with the constitution, the Norwegian King as head of state must be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway. Norway is a constitutional monarchy and divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet, and the Supreme Court. The coronations also symbolised that the king would hold the kingdom in fief to St. Olav the eternal king of Norway. The Storting would propose laws to reduce the king's power or to assert Norwegian independence. The Council of State is the Government of Norway and is chaired by the King. The functions of the King, Harald V, are mainly ceremonial, but he has influence as the symbol of national unity. The government, comprising the prime minister and the Statsråd (Council of State), is nominally chosen by the monarch with the approval of the Storting (Stortinget), the country’s legislature. This means that the King is formally the head of state but that his duties are mainly representative and ceremonial. Article 2 All inhabitants of the Realm shall have the right to free exercise of their religion. The benediction is a much simpler ceremony, but it still takes place in Nidaros Cathedral and with the Royal Regalia at the high altar. Norway's currency is the Norwegian Krone (NOK). It is believed that only the King has a personal fortune of a notable size. [33] The axe is the martyr axe of St. Olav, the weapon used to kill him in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030. In a Constitutional Monarchy, a non-elected ruler shares power with an elected government. Potential heirs to Norway were present in both the royal dynasties of Sweden and Schleswig-Holstein, so if the King of Denmark did not assert his position as King of Norway they would.[5]. [6][12], In a plebiscite of the Norwegian people on 13 August, there were an overwhelming 368,208 votes (99.95%) in favor of dissolution of the Union, against 184 (0.05%) opposed, with 85% of Norwegian men voting. [17], If he does not assent to it, he returns it to the Odelsting with a statement that he does not for the time being find it expedient to sanction it. Labour Prime Minister coronations also symbolised that the King of Norway for 30 years ceremonial,. 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